The comparative meaning of political space: a comprehensive modeling approach

Abstract In latent scaling applications, such as the positioning of political parties, differential item functioning (DIF) may occur because measurement issues or substantive differences in association between and manifest variables. While first source DIF has received considerable attention, second not, although it is potential interest to comparative scholars. this research note, we introduce a novel hierarchical Bayesian response model that allows us disentangle different sources DIF. Drawing on 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), highlight how same are unequally politicized across Western Europe, some less ideologically determined than others. Our can be adapted alternate settings, allowing researchers shine light variation in, e.g., ideology, issue politicization, party competition.